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Legal system (2003)

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Informations about Legal system in 2003 year

AfghanistanAfghanistan the Bonn Agreement calls for a judicial commission to rebuild the justice system in accordance with Islamic principles, international standards, the rule of law, and Afghan legal traditions
AlbaniaAlbania has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
AlgeriaAlgeria socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
American SamoaAmerican Samoa NA
AndorraAndorra based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
AngolaAngola based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets
AnguillaAnguilla based on English common law
AntarcticaAntarctica Antarctica is administered through meetings of the consultative member nations. Decisions from these meetings are carried out by these member nations (within their areas) in accordance with their own national laws. US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US nationals, such as murder, may apply extra-territorially. Some US laws directly apply to Antarctica. For example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and criminal penalties for the following activities, unless authorized by regulation of statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially protected areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica. Violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines and one year in prison. The National Science Foundation and Department of Justice share enforcement responsibilities. Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as amended in 1996, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans, Room 5805, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. For more information, contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230; telephone: (703) 292-8030, or visit their website at www.nsf.gov.
Antigua and BarbudaAntigua and Barbuda based on English common law
ArgentinaArgentina mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
ArmeniaArmenia based on civil law system
ArubaAruba based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence
Ashmore and Cartier IslandsAshmore and Cartier Islands the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia and the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply
AustraliaAustralia based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
AustriaAustria civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
AzerbaijanAzerbaijan based on civil law system
Bahamas, TheBahamas, The based on English common law
BahrainBahrain based on Islamic law and English common law
Baker IslandBaker Island the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
BangladeshBangladesh based on English common law
BarbadosBarbados English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts
Bassas da IndiaBassas da India the laws of France, where applicable, apply
BelarusBelarus based on civil law system
BelgiumBelgium civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
BelizeBelize English law
BeninBenin based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
BermudaBermuda English law
BhutanBhutan based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
BoliviaBolivia based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina based on civil law system
BotswanaBotswana based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Bouvet IslandBouvet Island the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply
BrazilBrazil based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
British Indian Ocean TerritoryBritish Indian Ocean Territory the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply
British Virgin IslandsBritish Virgin Islands English law
BruneiBrunei based on English common law; for Muslims, Islamic Shari'a law supersedes civil law in a number of areas
BulgariaBulgaria civil law and criminal law based on Roman law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Burkina FasoBurkina Faso based on French civil law system and customary law
BurmaBurma has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
BurundiBurundi based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
CambodiaCambodia primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years
CameroonCameroon based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
CanadaCanada based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Cape VerdeCape Verde derived from the legal system of Portugal
Cayman IslandsCayman Islands British common law and local statutes
Central African RepublicCentral African Republic based on French law
ChadChad based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
ChileChile based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction


note: Chile is in the process of completely overhauling its criminal justice system; a new, US-style adversarial system is being gradually implemented throughout the country
ChinaChina a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law
Christmas IslandChristmas Island under the authority of the governor general of Australia and Australian law
Clipperton IslandClipperton Island the laws of France, where applicable, apply
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCocos (Keeling) Islands based upon the laws of Australia and local laws
ColombiaColombia based on Spanish law; a new criminal code modeled after US procedures was enacted in 1992-93; judicial review of executive and legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
ComorosComoros French and Sharia (Islamic) law in a new consolidated code
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongo, Democratic Republic of the based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Congo, Republic of theCongo, Republic of the based on French civil law system and customary law
Cook IslandsCook Islands based on New Zealand law and English common law
Coral Sea IslandsCoral Sea Islands the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply
Costa RicaCosta Rica based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Cote d'IvoireCote d'Ivoire based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
CroatiaCroatia based on civil law system
CubaCuba based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
CyprusCyprus based on common law, with civil law modifications
Czech RepublicCzech Republic civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line with Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory
DenmarkDenmark civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
DjiboutiDjibouti based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law
DominicaDominica based on English common law
Dominican RepublicDominican Republic based on French civil codes
East TimorEast Timor UN-drafted legal system based on Indonesian law (2002)
EcuadorEcuador based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
EgyptEgypt based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
El SalvadorEl Salvador based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Equatorial GuineaEquatorial Guinea partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom
EritreaEritrea primary basis is the Ethiopian legal code of 1957, with revisions; new civil, commercial, and penal codes have not yet been promulgated; also relies on customary and post-independence-enacted laws and, for civil cases involving Muslims, Sharia law
EstoniaEstonia based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
EthiopiaEthiopia currently transitional mix of national and regional courts
Europa IslandEuropa Island the laws of France, where applicable, apply
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) English common law
Faroe IslandsFaroe Islands Danish
FijiFiji based on British system
FinlandFinland civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
FranceFrance civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not legislative acts
French GuianaFrench Guiana French legal system
French PolynesiaFrench Polynesia based on French system
French Southern and Antarctic LandsFrench Southern and Antarctic Lands the laws of France, where applicable, apply
GabonGabon based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Gambia, TheGambia, The based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
GeorgiaGeorgia based on civil law system
GermanyGermany civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
GhanaGhana based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
GibraltarGibraltar English law
Glorioso IslandsGlorioso Islands the laws of France, where applicable, apply
GreeceGreece based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courts
GreenlandGreenland Danish
GrenadaGrenada based on English common law
GuadeloupeGuadeloupe French legal system
GuamGuam modeled on US; US federal laws apply
GuatemalaGuatemala civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
GuernseyGuernsey English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court
GuineaGuinea based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau NA
GuyanaGuyana based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
HaitiHaiti based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Heard Island and McDonald IslandsHeard Island and McDonald Islands the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply
Holy See (Vatican City)Holy See (Vatican City) based on Code of Canon Law and revisions to it
HondurasHonduras rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law with increasing influence of English common law; recent judicial reforms include abandoning Napoleonic legal codes in favor of the oral adversarial system; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Hong KongHong Kong based on English common law
Howland IslandHowland Island the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
HungaryHungary rule of law based on Western model
IcelandIceland civil law system based on Danish law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
IndiaIndia based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
IndonesiaIndonesia based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
IranIran the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government
IraqIraq in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
IrelandIreland based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Isle of ManIsle of Man English common law and Manx statute
IsraelIsrael mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985, Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
ItalyItaly based on civil law system; appeals treated as new trials; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
JamaicaJamaica based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Jan MayenJan Mayen the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply
JapanJapan modeled after European civil law system with English-American influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
Jarvis IslandJarvis Island the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
JerseyJersey English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court
Johnston AtollJohnston Atoll the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
JordanJordan based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Juan de Nova IslandJuan de Nova Island the laws of France, where applicable, apply
KazakhstanKazakhstan based on civil law system
KenyaKenya based on Kenyan statutory law, Kenyan and English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991
Kingman ReefKingman Reef the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
KiribatiKiribati NA
Korea, NorthKorea, North based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Korea, SouthKorea, South combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought
KuwaitKuwait civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan based on civil law system
LaosLaos based on traditional customs, French legal norms and procedures, and socialist practice
LatviaLatvia based on civil law system
LebanonLebanon mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
LesothoLesotho based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
LiberiaLiberia dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for indigenous sector
LibyaLibya based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
LiechtensteinLiechtenstein local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
LithuaniaLithuania based on civil law system; legislative acts can be appealed to the constitutional court
LuxembourgLuxembourg based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
MacauMacau based on Portuguese civil law system
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
MadagascarMadagascar based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
MalawiMalawi based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
MalaysiaMalaysia based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
MaldivesMaldives based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
MaliMali based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
MaltaMalta based on English common law and Roman civil law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws
MartiniqueMartinique French legal system
MauritaniaMauritania a combination of Shari'a (Islamic law) and French civil law
MauritiusMauritius based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in certain areas
MayotteMayotte French law
MexicoMexico mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Micronesia, Federated States ofMicronesia, Federated States of based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws
Midway IslandsMidway Islands the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
MoldovaMoldova based on civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legality of legislative acts and governmental decisions of resolution; it is unclear if Moldova accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) documents
MonacoMonaco based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
MongoliaMongolia blend of Soviet, German, and US systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
MontserratMontserrat English common law and statutory law
MoroccoMorocco based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court
MozambiqueMozambique based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
NamibiaNamibia based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution
NauruNauru acts of the Nauru Parliament and British common law
Navassa IslandNavassa Island the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
NepalNepal based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
NetherlandsNetherlands civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Netherlands AntillesNetherlands Antilles based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence
New CaledoniaNew Caledonia the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands; formerly under French law
New ZealandNew Zealand based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for the Maori; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
NicaraguaNicaragua civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts
NigerNiger based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
NigeriaNigeria based on English common law, Islamic Shariah law (only in some northern states), and traditional law
NiueNiue English common law


note: Niue is self-governing, with the power to make its own laws
Norfolk IslandNorfolk Island based on the laws of Australia, local ordinances and acts; English common law applies in matters not covered by either Australian or Norfolk Island law
Northern Mariana IslandsNorthern Mariana Islands based on US system, except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation
NorwayNorway mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
OmanOman based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the monarch; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
PakistanPakistan based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
PalauPalau based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws
Palmyra AtollPalmyra Atoll the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
PanamaPanama based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea based on English common law
ParaguayParaguay based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice
PeruPeru based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
PhilippinesPhilippines based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Pitcairn IslandsPitcairn Islands local island by-laws
PolandPoland mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final; court decisions can be appealed to the European Court of Justice in Strasbourg
PortugalPortugal civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Puerto RicoPuerto Rico based on Spanish civil code and within the US Federal system of justice
QatarQatar discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law dominates family and personal matters
ReunionReunion French law
RomaniaRomania former mixture of civil law system and communist legal theory; is now based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic
RussiaRussia based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
RwandaRwanda based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Saint HelenaSaint Helena NA
Saint Kitts and NevisSaint Kitts and Nevis based on English common law
Saint LuciaSaint Lucia based on English common law
Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Pierre and Miquelon French law with special adaptations for local conditions, such as housing and taxation
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSaint Vincent and the Grenadines based on English common law
SamoaSamoa based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
San MarinoSan Marino based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Sao Tome and PrincipeSao Tome and Principe based on Portuguese legal system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
SenegalSenegal based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Serbia and MontenegroSerbia and Montenegro based on civil law system
SeychellesSeychelles based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law
Sierra LeoneSierra Leone based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
SingaporeSingapore based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
SlovakiaSlovakia civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory
SloveniaSlovenia based on civil law system
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands English common law, which is widely disregarded
SomaliaSomalia no national system; Shari'a and secular courts are in some localities
South AfricaSouth Africa based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
South Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply; the senior magistrate from the Falkland Islands presides over the Magistrates Court
SpainSpain civil law system, with regional applications; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Sri LankaSri Lanka a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
SudanSudan based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the northern states; Islamic law applies to all residents of the northern states regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
SurinameSuriname based on Dutch legal system incorporating French penal theory
SvalbardSvalbard NA
SwazilandSwaziland based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts and Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
SwedenSweden civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
SwitzerlandSwitzerland civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
SyriaSyria based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
TaiwanTaiwan based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
TajikistanTajikistan based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
TanzaniaTanzania based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
ThailandThailand based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
TogoTogo French-based court system
TokelauTokelau New Zealand and local statutes
TongaTonga based on English law
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Tromelin IslandTromelin Island the laws of France, where applicable, apply
TunisiaTunisia based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
TurkeyTurkey derived from various European continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
TurkmenistanTurkmenistan based on civil law system
Turks and Caicos IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands based on laws of England and Wales, with a few adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas
TuvaluTuvalu NA
UgandaUganda in 1995, the government restored the legal system to one based on English common law and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
UkraineUkraine based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates federal court system introduced in 1971; all emirates except Dubayy (Dubai) and Ra's al Khaymah are not fully integrated into the federal system; all emirates have secular and Islamic law for civil, criminal, and high courts
United KingdomUnited Kingdom common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; has judicial review of Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
United StatesUnited States based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
UruguayUruguay based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
UzbekistanUzbekistan evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent judicial system
VanuatuVanuatu unified system being created from former dual French and British systems
VenezuelaVenezuela based on organic laws as of July 1999; open, adversarial court system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
VietnamVietnam based on communist legal theory and French civil law system
Virgin IslandsVirgin Islands based on US laws
Wake IslandWake Island the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
Wallis and FutunaWallis and Futuna French legal system
WorldWorld all members of the UN plus Switzerland are parties to the statute that established the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court
YemenYemen based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local tribal customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
ZambiaZambia based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
ZimbabweZimbabwe mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law
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